S-propargyl-cysteine delays the progression of atherosclerosis and increases eNOS phosphorylation in endothelial cells / 生理学报

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of S-propargyl-cysteine (SPRC) on atherosclerosis progression in mice. A mouse model of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque was created in ApoE-/- mice by carotid artery tandem stenosis (TS) combined with a Western diet. Macrophotography, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers were measured to evaluate the antiatherosclerotic effects of SPRC compared to atorvastatin as a control. Histopathological analysis was performed to assess the plaque stability. To explore the protective mechanism of SPRC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in vitro and challenged with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Cell viability was determined with a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and mRNA expression were detected by Western blot and RT-qPCR respectively. The results showed that the lesion area quantified by en face photographs of the aortic arch and carotid artery was significantly less, plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were reduced, plaque collagen content was increased and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was decreased in 80 mg/kg per day SPRC-treated mice compared with model mice. These findings support the role of SPRC in plaque stabilization. In vitro studies revealed that 100 μmol/L SPRC increased the cell viability and the phosphorylation level of eNOS after ox-LDL challenge. These results suggest that SPRC delays the progression of atherosclerosis and enhances plaque stability. The protective effect may be at least partially related to the increased phosphorylation of eNOS in endothelial cells.

Morphohistological analysis of the prevalence and distribution of atheroma in the abdominal aorta and its branches: a cadaveric study / Análise morfo-histológico sobre prevalência e distribuição de ateroma na aorta abdominal e em seus ramos: estudo em cadáveres

Abstract Background Aneurysms and atheromatous processes are prominent pathological features that are commonly associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives This cadaveric study was conducted to evaluate the morphometric and histological aspects of atheromatous plaque formation in abdominal aortas and their branches and their associated morphological variations, if present, characterized by loops, kinking, or tortuosity. Methods The study was performed using 30 human cadavers (approx. 65-75 years). Frequency of occurrence of calcified plaques in the abdominal aorta and its branches and their morphometric measurements were noted and histological features were observed with the aid of Hematoxylin & Eosin staining. Results Variations in the abdominal aorta and the common iliac artery were observed in 16.6% of specimens. Atheromatous plaque formation was seen in 2 specimens (1 specimen was associated with kinking) while in 3 other specimens only variation in normal structure (kinking/ tortuous artery) was observed. Histological analysis showed foamy macrophages and dense calcification, giving an atheromatous appearance. Conclusions Cadaveric reports of the location, nature, and degree of plaque formation in the abdominal aorta and its branches are extremely important in clinical settings and for choosing treatment options.

Resumo Contexto Aneurismas e processos ateromatosos são características patológicas perceptíveis que costumam estar associadas a morbidade e mortalidade significativas. Objetivos Este estudo em cadáveres teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos morfométricos e histológicos da formação de placa ateromatosa na aorta abdominal e em seus ramos com suas subsequentes variações morfológicas caracterizadas por enrolamentos, acotovelamentos ou tortuosidades, se presentes. Métodos O estudo foi realizado com 30 cadáveres humanos (aproximadamente 65-75 anos). Foi descrita a frequência de ocorrência de placas calcificadas na aorta abdominal e em seus ramos com as respectivas medidas morfométricas e características histológicas com auxílio da coloração por hematoxilina e eosina. Resultados Variações na aorta abdominal e na artéria ilíaca comum foram observadas em 16,6% dos espécimes. A formação de placa ateromatosa foi observada em dois espécimes (um espécime foi associado a acotovelamento), enquanto em outros três espécimes houve apenas variação na estrutura normal (acotovelamento/artéria tortuosa). A análise histológica mostrou macrófagos espumosos e calcificação densa, o que gerou uma impressão ateromatosa. Conclusões Os estudos em cadáveres sobre localização, natureza e grau de formação de placa na aorta abdominal e em seus ramos são extremamente importantes para os cenários clínicos e as opções de tratamento.

The use of high-resolution MRI to detect thrombosis and lipid-rich carotid artery plaques in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

SUMMARY Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a rarely agentic disorder of the lipoprotein metabolism intimately related to premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease that can lead to high disability and mortality. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia typically affects not only the aortic root, compromising the coronary ostia, but also affects other territories such as the carotid, descending aorta, and renal arteries. Multi-contrast high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a validated and useful method to characterize carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques quantitatively. However, very few studies have been done on assessing plaque composition in patients with Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using high-resolution MRI. This report is to evaluate the value of MRI in accessing carotid artery disease in patients with Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. We describe a 28-year-old patient from Beijing, China, who presented to the Neurology Clinic with intermittent blurred vision of the right eye, headache, nausea, and vomiting for eight years without obvious causes. Familial hypercholesterolemia was suspected based on medical history and laboratory examination. Carotid Doppler ultrasound showed bilateral common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery wall thickening with hyperechoic signals. Subsequently, high-resolution multi-contrast MRI of the carotid showed calcification with hypo-intense areas located at the middle layer of the plaque, with moderate stenosis. The plaque located at the right bifurcation of the common carotid artery extended to the internal carotid artery, causing lumen stenosis close to occlusion. The patient was treated with right carotid artery endarterectomy. At a 6-month follow-up, there had been no recurrence of the patient's symptoms.

RESUMO A hipercolesterolemia familiar homozigótica, uma doença patogênica rara do metabolismo da lipoproteína intimamente relacionada com a doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica prematura, pode conduzir a uma elevada deficiência e mortalidade. A hipercolesterolemia familiar homozigótica afeta tipicamente não só a raiz aórtica, comprometendo os óstios coronários, mas também outros territórios, como a carótida, a aorta descendente e as artérias renais. Imagens de ressonância magnética multicontraste de alta resolução (RM) fornecem um método validado e útil para caracterizar quantitativamente as placas de aterosclerose da artéria carótida. No entanto, muito poucos estudos foram feitos sobre a avaliação da composição da placa em doentes com hipercolesterolemia familiar homozigótica utilizando ressonância magnética de alta resolução. Este trabalho deve avaliar o valor da ressonância magnética no acesso à doença da artéria carótida em doentes com hipercolesterolemia familiar homozigótica. Descrevemos um paciente de 28 anos de Pequim, China, que se apresentou à clínica neurológica com visão turva intermitente do olho direito, dor de cabeça, náuseas e vômitos por oito anos sem causas aparentes. Suspeitava-se de hipercolesterolemia familiar com base no histórico médico e no exame laboratorial. O ultrassom Doppler carotídeo mostrou uma artéria carótida bilateral comum, artéria carótida interna e parede da carótida externa espessando-se com sinais hiperecoicos. Posteriormente, a ressonância multicontraste de alta resolução da carótida mostrou calcificação com áreas hipointensas localizadas na camada média da placa, com estenose moderada. A placa localizada na bifurcação direita da artéria carótida comum estendia-se até a artéria carótida interna, causando estenose do lúmen próxima à oclusão. O paciente foi tratado com endarterectomia da artéria carótida direita. Em seis meses de acompanhamento, não houve recorrência dos sintomas do paciente.

A Novel Algorithm to Quantify Coronary Remodeling Using Inferred Normal Dimensions / Novo Algoritmo para Quantificar o Remodelamento Coronário Utilizando Dimensões Normais Preditas

Background:Vascular remodeling, the dynamic dimensional change in face of stress, can assume different directions as well as magnitudes in atherosclerotic disease. Classical measurements rely on reference to segments at a distance, risking inappropriate comparison between dislike vessel portions.Objective:to explore a new method for quantifying vessel remodeling, based on the comparison between a given target segment and its inferred normal dimensions.Methods:Geometric parameters and plaque composition were determined in 67 patients using three-vessel intravascular ultrasound with virtual histology (IVUS-VH). Coronary vessel remodeling at cross-section (n = 27.639) and lesion (n = 618) levels was assessed using classical metrics and a novel analytic algorithm based on the fractional vessel remodeling index (FVRI), which quantifies the total change in arterial wall dimensions related to the estimated normal dimension of the vessel. A prediction model was built to estimate the normal dimension of the vessel for calculation of FVRI.Results:According to the new algorithm, “Ectatic” remodeling pattern was least common, “Complete compensatory” remodeling was present in approximately half of the instances, and “Negative” and “Incomplete compensatory” remodeling types were detected in the remaining. Compared to a traditional diagnostic scheme, FVRI-based classification seemed to better discriminate plaque composition by IVUS-VH.Conclusion:Quantitative assessment of coronary remodeling using target segment dimensions offers a promising approach to evaluate the vessel response to plaque growth/regression.

Fundamento:O remodelamento vascular, alteração dimensional dinâmica frente ao estresse, pode assumir diferentes direções e magnitudes na doença aterosclerótica. As medidas clássicas baseiam-se em referências a distância do segmento-alvo, com risco de comparação inadequada pela seleção de porções vasculares indesejáveis.Objetivo:Explorar um novo método para quantificar remodelamento vascular, baseado na comparação entre um determinado segmento-alvo e suas dimensões normais inferidas.Métodos:Parâmetros geométricos e a composição da placa foram determinados em 67 pacientes usando-se ultrassom intravascular de três vasos com histologia virtual (IVUS-VH). Avaliou-se o remodelamento coronário ao nível da seção transversal (n = 27.639) e da lesão (n = 618) usando-se métrica clássica e um novo algoritmo analítico baseado no índice de remodelamento vascular fracionado (FVRI) que quantifica a alteração total nas dimensões da parede arterial em relação a dimensão normal estimada do vaso. Construiu-se um modelo preditivo para estimar a dimensão normal do vaso para calcular o FVRI.Resultados:De acordo com o novo algoritmo, o padrão de remodelamento “ectásico” foi o menos comum, o remodelamento “completo compensatório” foi observado em metade dos casos, e os tipos “negativo” e “incompleto compensatório” foram detectados nos restantes. Comparada ao esquema tradicional diagnóstico, a classificação baseada no FVRI pareceu melhor discriminar a composição da placa através de IVUS-VH.Conclusão:A análise quantitativa do remodelamento coronário utilizando dimensões do segmento-alvo oferece uma abordagem promissora para avaliar a resposta vascular ao crescimento e à regressão da placa.

Reduced Progression of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy with Routine Use of Induction Therapy with Basiliximab / Redução da Progressão da Doença Vascular do Enxerto Cardíaco com o Uso Rotineiro da Terapia de Indução com Basiliximab

AbstractIntroduction:Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major limitation for long-term survival of patients undergoing heart transplantation (HT). Some immunosuppressants can reduce the risk of CAV.Objectives:The primary objective was to evaluate the variation in the volumetric growth of the intimal layer measured by intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS) after 1 year in patients who received basiliximab compared with that in a control group.Methods:Thirteen patients treated at a single center between 2007 and 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Evaluations were performed with IVUS, measuring the volume of a coronary segment within the first 30 days and 1 year after HT. Vasculopathy was characterized by the volume of the intima of the vessel.Results:Thirteen patients included (7 in the basiliximab group and 6 in the control group). On IVUS assessment, the control group was found to have greater vessel volume (120–185.43 mm3 vs. 127.77–131.32 mm3; p = 0.051). Intimal layer growth (i.e., CAV) was also higher in the control group (27.30–49.15 mm3 [∆80%] vs. 20.23–26.69 mm3[∆33%]; p = 0.015). Univariate regression analysis revealed that plaque volume and prior atherosclerosis of the donor were not related to intima growth (r = 0.15, p = 0.96), whereas positive remodeling was directly proportional to the volumetric growth of the intima (r = 0.85, p < 0.001).Conclusion:Routine induction therapy with basiliximab was associated with reduced growth of the intima of the vessel during the first year after HT.

ResumoFundamento:A doença vascular do enxerto (DVE) constitui uma grande limitação de sobrevida a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco (TxC). Alguns imunossupressores diminuem o aparecimento da DVE.Objetivos:O principal objetivo foi avaliar, através de ultrassonografia intracoronária (USIC), a variação do crescimento volumétrico da camada íntima e comparar, após um ano, o grupo que recebeu basiliximab com um grupo de controle.Métodos:Treze pacientes de um único centro foram analisados retrospectivamente de 2007 a 2009. As análises foram feitas através de USIC, medindo-se o volume de um segmento coronariano nos primeiros 30 dias e um ano após o TxC. A vasculopatia foi caracterizada pelo volume da camada íntima do vaso.Resultados:O estudo incluiu 13 pacientes (7 no grupo com o basiliximab e 6 no grupo de controle). A análise por USIC revelou que o grupo de controle apresentou maior crescimento volumétrico do vaso (131,32 a 127,77 mm3 x 120 a 185,43 mm3 p = 0,051). O crescimento da camada íntima (CCI) também foi maior no grupo de controle [Basiliximab: 20,23 a 26,69 mm3 (∆ 33%); Controle: 27,30 a 49,15 mm3(∆ 80% p = 0,015)]. De acordo com a regressão univariada, o volume da placa aterosclerótica prévia do doador não teve relação com o crescimento da íntima (r = 0,15, p = 0,96), enquanto que o remodelamento positivo do vaso foi diretamente proporcional ao crescimento da íntima (r = 0,85, p < 0,001).Conclusão:A terapia de indução de rotina com basiliximab está associada à redução do crescimento da camada íntima do vaso no primeiro ano após o transplante cardíaco.

Fatores de risco de ateromatose da aorta em cirurgia cardiovascular / Risk factors of atheromatous aorta in cardiovascular surgery

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e as características de ateromatose da aorta ascendente e/ou arco aórtico em cirurgia cardiovascular, os fatores de risco de sua ocorrência e a implicação prognóstica imediata da mesma. Métodos: No período de janeiro de 2007 a junho de 2011, 2042 pacientes adultos consecutivos foram analisados, sem critérios de exclusão. A detecção de ateromatose da aorta foi realizada por meio de palpação durante o ato operatório. Os fatores de risco de ateromatose da aorta e a sua implicação prognóstica foram determinados por regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: A prevalência de ateromatose da aorta foi de 3,3% (68 pacientes). Os fatores de risco foram a idade > 61 anos (OR= 2,79; IC95%= 2,43 - 3,15; P<0,0001), doença arterial coronária (OR=3,1; IC95%=2,8 - 3,44; P=0,002), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (OR=2,26; IC95%=1,82 - 2,7; P=0,03) e doença vascular periférica (OR=3,15; IC95%= 2,83 - 3,46; P=0,04). A ateromatose da aorta foi preditor independente da ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral no pós-operatório (OR=3,46; IC95%=3,18 - 3,76; P=0,01). Conclusão: Embora infrequente, a presença de ateromatose da aorta tem maior ocorrência de acordo com a idade, com a presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, doença arterial coronária e doença vascular periférica. Nestas situações, é justificada investigação pré e intraoperatória mais detalhada, pois a presença de ateromatose determina maior chance de acidente vascular cerebral no pós-operatório. .

Objective: To determine the prevalence and profile of ascending aorta or aortic arch atheromatous disease in cardiovascular surgery patients, its risk factors and its prognostic implication early after surgery. Methods: Between January 2007 and June 2011, 2042 consecutive adult patients were analyzed, with no exclusion criteria. Atheromatous aorta diagnosis was determined intraoperatively by surgeon palpation of the aorta. Determinants of atheromatous aorta, as well as its prognostic implication were studied by multivariate logistic regression. Results: Prevalence of atheromatous aorta was 3.3% (68 patients). Determinants were age > 61 years (OR= 2.79; CI95%= 2.43 - 3.15; P<0.0001), coronary artery disease (OR=3.1; CI95%=2.8 - 3.44; P=0.002), hypertension (OR=2.26; CI95%=1.82 - 2.7; P=0.03) and peripheral vascular disease (OR=3.15; CI95%= 2.83 - 3.46; P=0.04). Atheromatous aorta was an independent predictor of postoperative cerebrovascular accident (OR=3.46; CI95%=3.18 - 3.76; P=0.01). Conclusion: Although infrequent, the presence of atheromatous aorta is associated with advanced age, hypertension, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. In those patients, a more detailed preoperative and intraoperative assessment of the aorta is justified, due to greater risk of postoperative cerebrovascular accident. .

Coronary artery plaque burden and calcium scores in healthy men adhering to long-term wine drinking or alcohol abstinence

Observational studies suggest there are clinical benefits to moderate red wine (RW) consumption. However, the effects on coronary vasculature and overall lifestyle are unclear. We investigated whether a lifestyle of regular long-term RW consumption is associated with changes in coronary plaque burden, calcium score, carotid intima/media thickness, endothelial function, and metabolic variables, compared with alcohol abstinence. Healthy volunteers were evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) as well as carotid and brachial artery ultrasound. Nutritional status, psychological status, and metabolic variables were assessed. The study included 101 drinkers [aged 58.9±7.3 years (means±SD)], from wine brotherhoods, and 104 abstainers, from Anglican, Evangelical and Catholic churches both in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. No significant differences in demographics were noted. Lesion prevalence per patient assessed by coronary CTA and classified as absent (0), 1-25, 26-49, and ≥50% stenosis was similar between groups. When analyzed by individual arteries, i.e., left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary, prevalence was also not different. On the other hand, calcium scores were higher among drinkers than abstainers (144.4±362.2 vs 122.0±370.3; P<0.01). However, drinkers reported less history of diabetes and exercised more. RW drinkers consumed 2127.9±387.7 kcal/day while abstainers consumed 1836.0±305.0 (P<0.0001). HDL cholesterol was significantly higher among drinkers compared to abstainers (46.9±10.9 vs 39.5±9.0 mg/dL; P<0.001), while fasting plasma glucose was lower (97.6±18.2 vs 118.4±29.6 mg/dL; P<0.02). Liver enzymes were normal in both groups. In conclusion, long-term wine drinkers displayed a similar plaque burden but greater calcium score than abstainers, despite a more atherogenic diet, and the mechanisms for the increased calcium scores in the former remain speculative.

Formación de placas ateromatosas en pacientes en riesgo cardiovascular / Formation of atheromatosas plaques in patients with cardiovascular risk

Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre la formación de placas ateromatosas arteriales con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional en el que se determinó la relación entre obesidad y diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertensión arterial (HTA) y/o dislipoproteinemia basal y postprandial y la formación de placas ateromatosas en 42 pacientes, 17 varones y 25 mujeres, de 30 a 71 años (promedio 53.2 +- 9.30 años). Se efectuo medidas antropométricas, exámenes clínicos, determinaciones en sangre de colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (Tg), colesterol HDL (HDL), glucosa (G), ácidos grasos no esterificados (AGNE), insulina (I) en ayunas y durante 6 horas después de administrar una comida mixta y una ultrasonografía bimodal de las arterias carótidas. Resultados: En los 42 pacientes se encontró placas ateromatosas que disminuyen la luz de las carótidas en un rango promedio de 11.1% a 58.2%. Hubo correlación significativa entre el grado de obstrucción con la edad, la circunferencia abdominal, presión arterial diastólica y la glicemia. Conclusiones. Se demuestra la existencia de una relación significativa entre la formación de ateromas con disminución de la luz de las carótidas con la edad de los pacientes, la obesidad central, presión arterial diastólica y la glicemia.

Objectives: To determine the possible relationship between the formation of arterial atheromatous plaques and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). Methods: A descriptive, transversal, correlative study to find uot the relationship between obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), high blood pressure (HBP) and/or dislipoproteinemia and arterial atheromatous plaques formation was conducted. A total of 42 patients, 17 male and 25 female, 30 to 71 years old, mean 53.2 +- 9.30, were included. Antrophometric meassures, clinical examinations, blood determinations of total cholesterol (TC), HDL, triglycerides (Tg), glucose (G), insulin (I) and non-sterified fatty acids (NEFA) were performed both at fasting as well as during 6 hours after a standarized mixed meal, a bimodal ultrasound examination of carotid arteries was done. Results: In all 42 patients atheromatous plaques stenosing the carotid arteries in a mean range of 11.1% to 58.2 were found. A significantly coorrelation between the mean arterial obstruction degree and the patient's age, abdominal circunference, diastolic blood pressure and blood glucose was found. Conclusions: There is a significantly relationship between the atheromatous plaques formation in carotid arteries with the patient's age, abdominalcircunference, diastolic blood pressure and blood glucose.

The Role of Carotid Ultrasound for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification beyond Traditional Risk Factors

Primary prevention and early detection of cardiovascular disease is important, as it is the leading cause of death throughout world. Risk stratification algorithms, such as Framingham Risk Score and European Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation, that utilize a combination of various traditional risk factors have been developed to improve primary prevention. However, the accuracy of these algorithms for screening high risk patients is moderate at best. Accordingly, the use of biomarkers or imaging studies may improve risk stratification. Carotid ultrasound, which measures both carotid intima-media thichkness (cIMT) and carotid plaque, is useful in detecting the degree of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, and has the advantage of being noninvasive and safe. Several large epidemiologic studies have indicated that cIMT and carotid plaque are closely related with other cardiovascular risk factors and may be useful for risk reclassification in subjects deemed to be at intermediate risk by traditional risk scores. Moreover, recent clinical guidelines for management of hypertension or dyslipidemia highlight the usefulness of cIMT in high risk patients. In this article, we review evidence for the usefulness of measurement of cIMT and carotid plaque for cardiovascular risk stratification.

Tomografía de coherencia óptica: Bases y aplicaciones de una nueva técnica de imagen intravascular

La angiografía es la técnica de referencia para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad arte rial coronaria. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los síndromes coronarios agudos involucran lesiones angiográficamente no significativas. Es también la técnica de elección para guiar la implantación de prótesis endovasculares y su seguimiento. La tomografía de coherencia óptica es una técnica de imagen interferométrica que penetra en los tejidos alrededor de 2-3 mm y ofrece una alta resolución axial. Es capaz de distinguir diferentes tipos de tejido, como fibroso, lipídico, necrótico o calcificado, reconoce características de las placas de ateroma que se han asociado con progresión rápida de la lesión y eventos clínicos adversos, como la delgada capa de fibroateroma, el espesor de la capa fibrosa, la infiltración de macrófagos y la formación de trombos. En la actualidad, existe un creciente interés en el valor de la tomografía de coherencia óptica en el área de intervención coronaria, donde la técnica ofrece ventajas significativas sobre las técnicas intravasculares de diagnóstico convencionales, como la ecografía intravascular. Su alta resolución permite reconocer las complicaciones periprocedimiento, como microdisección, malaposición e hiperplasia neointimal, haciendo de esta herramienta una de las técnicas más prometedoras en el diagnóstico intravascular.

Coronary angiography is the reference technique for the diagnosis of coronary disease. However, the majority of acute coronary syndromes involve angiographically non- significant lesions. It is also the technique of choice for guiding the implantation of endovascular prostheses and their later monitoring. Optical coherence tomography is an interferometric imaging technique that penetrates tissue approximately 2-3 mm and provides axial and lateral resolution. It is able to distinguish different tissue types, such as fibrous, lipid-rich, necrotic, or calcified tissue. Optical coherence tomography is able to recognize a variety of features of athe- rosclerotic plaques that have been associated with rapid lesion progression and clinical events, such as thin cap fibroatheroma, fibrous cap thickness, dense macrophage infiltration, and thrombus formation. Currently, there is growing interest in the value of optical coherence tomography in the area of coronary intervention, where the technique offers significant advantages over more widespread intravascular diagnostic techniques such as intravascular ultrasound. Its higher resolution permits to recognize periprocedural complications, such as microdissection of the coronary artery, stent malapposition, and neointimal hiperplasia, making this tool one of the most promising techniques in the intravascular diagnosis.

Doença ateromatosa multivascular: relato de caso / Multivessel atherosclerotic disease: case report

Objetivos: O envelhecimento da população representa um desafio para o sistema de saúde pelo aumento da incidência de doenças crônico-degenerativas, o que leva a crescentes custos econômicos e sociais. A mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares aumenta com a idade: a partir dos 50 anos passa a ser a maior e a principal causa de óbitos no Brasil. A aterosclerose é uma dessas doenças, tendo diferentes fatores de riscos. Este relato de caso mostra uma doença multissistêmica grave, e visa mostrar a relação direta dos fatores de risco do estudo de Framingham na gênese da doença aterosclerótica arterial sistêmica. Os conhecimentos gerados poderiam facilitar o planejamento de ações para uma melhor avaliação de pacientes com essas morbidades, assim como a implantação de programas e estratégias que contribuam para melhorar o atendimento e a qualidade de vida de pacientes nesta faixa etária. Relato de Caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 72 anos, hipertenso, diabético e dislipidêmico, internado no serviço de cardiologia do Hospital Ibiapaba em Barbacena, com quadro de dor precordial e claudicação intermitente. Foi submetido a estudo cineangiocoronariográfico que evidenciou ateromatose coronariana significativa com obstrução de 90% em coronária direita, 50% da circunflexa, e 40% na descendente anterior, além de extensa dilatação aneurismática do ventrículo esquerdo e acinesia de parede inferior e apical. No estudo angiográfico das artérias de membros inferiores foi constatado oclusão de 70% das ilíacas, entre outros vasos. Conclusões: Atualmente, existe consenso entre os pesquisadores de que são necessárias mais pesquisas sobre a simplicações dos fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em idosos, devido a sua importância e impacto significativos. A doença neste segmento da população não é uma consequência inevitável do envelhecimento biológico, mas um processo patológico com fatores de risco que podem ser evitados.

Objectives: The rapidly aging population represents a major challenge for the health system, because of the higher incidence of chronic degenerative diseases, which leads to increasing economic and social costs. Mortality from cardiovascular disease is greatly increased with the passage of age, and from fifty years become the largest and the leading cause of deaths in Brazil. Atherosclerosis is one of these diseases, with different risk factors. This article, from a case report of a severe multisystem disease, aims to show the direct relation of risk factors in theFramingham study in the genesis of atherosclerotic arterial disease. The knowledge generated could facilitate the planning of actions to better access patients with these illnesses as wellas to develop programs and strategies that contribute to benefit the care and quality of life in this age group. Case Report: A male patient, 72 years, hypertensive, diabetic and dyslipidemic internship at the hospital’s cardiology service Ibiapaba in Barbacena withchest pain and intermittent claudication. He underwent coronaryangiographic study showed that significant atheromatous coronaryobstruction 90% in right coronary artery, the circumflex 50% and 40% left anterior descending, and extensive aneurysmal dilatation of the left ventricle and akinesis of inferior wall and apical. In the angiographic study of arteries of lower limbs was found 70% occlusion of iliac arteries, among other vessels. Conclusions: There is now consensus among researchers that more research is needed on the implications of risk factors for cardiovascular diseasein the elderly because of their importance and impact. The diseasein this population segment is not an inevitable consequence of biological aging, but a pathological process with risk factors can be avoided.

Inestabilidad en múltiples placas ateroescleróticas en pacientes fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio / Instability in multiple atherosclerotic plaques in patients who died of acute myocardial infarction

Los procesos inflamatorios en los síndromes coronarios agudos juegan un rol importante en la inestabilidad de la placa ateroesclerótica. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la presencia y distribución de placas vulnerables e infiltrados inflamatorios en pacientes fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio y su comparación con los hallazgos en pacientes fallecidos por cuadros no coronarios. Se analizaron los estudios anatomopatológicos de corazón de 68 pacientes fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio y 15 fallecidos por causa no coronaria. Se registró la presencia de trombo, hemorragia intraplaca, ruptura endotelial e infiltrado inflamatorio. Al evaluar los pacientes fallecidos por IAM, encontramos trombo en 73.5% de las arterias responsables del IAM y en 28.7% de las no responsables (p < 0.0001). La hemorragia intraplaca se halló en el 70.5% de las arterias responsables y en 39.7% de las no responsables, p < 0.0001; ruptura endotelial en el 29.4% de las arterias responsables y en 3.7% de las no responsables, p < 0.0001. No encontramos diferencias en la presencia de infiltrado inflamatorio (76.5% versus 68.4%). Comparando con los fallecidos por causas no coronarias, la presencia de trombo fue significativamente superior (73.5% vs. 13.3%; p < 0.0001), así como la de hemorragia intraplaca (70.5% vs. 0%; p < 0.0001) y de infiltrado inflamatorio en las placas ateroescleroticas (76.5% vs. 46.6%; p = 0.021). En los pacientes fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio se observa inestabilidad de placa y actividad inflamatoria, no sólo en la arteria responsable del infarto sino también en las arterias no responsables del infarto.

In acute coronary syndromes inflammatory process plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque instability. Our aim was to evaluate the presence and distribution of vulnerable plaques and inflammatory infiltrates in patients who died of acute myocardial infarction in comparison to patients who died of non-coronary heart disease. We analyzed pathologic studies of the heart of 68 patients who died of acute myocardial infarction and 15 patients who died of non-coronary heart disease. The presence of thrombus, intraplaque hemorrhage, endothelial rupture and inflammatory infiltrates were registered. In patients who died of myocardial infarction, we found thrombus in 73.5% of the involved arteries and in 28.7% of the non involved (p < 0.0001). Intraplaque hemorrhage was found in 70.5% of involved arteries and in 39.7% of the non involved (p < 0.0001); endothelial rupture in 29.4% of involved arteries and in 3.7% of non involved arteries (p < 0.0001). There was no difference in the presence of inflammatory infiltrates (76.5% versus 68.4%). Comparing with patients whoo have died of non-coronary heart disease, the presence of thrombus was significantly higher (73.5% vs. 13.3%; p < 0.0001), as well as the presence of intraplaque hemorrhage (70.5% vs. 0%; p < 0.0001) and of inflammatory infiltrates in atherosclerotic plaques (76.5% vs. 46.6%; p = 0.021). In patients who died of acute myocardial infarction we observed plaque instability and inflammatory activity, not only in the infarct related artery but also in the non involved arteries.

Relationship between Coronary Artery Calcium Score by Multidetector Computed Tomography and Plaque Components by Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between coronary artery calcium score (CACS) assessed by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and plaque components assessed by virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) in 172 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with 250 coronary lesions. CACS was assessed according to Agatston scoring method by MDCT and patients were divided into four groups: Group I (CACS = 0 [n = 52]); Group II (CACS = 1-100 [n = 99]); Group III (CACS = 101-400 [n = 84]); and Group IV (CACS > 400 [n = 15]). Total atheroma volume was greatest in Group IV (152 +/- 132 microL vs 171 +/- 114 microL vs 195 +/- 149 microL vs 321+/-182 microL, P < 0.001). The absolute dense calcium (DC) and necrotic core (NC) volumes were greatest, and relative DC volume was greatest in Group IV (5.5 +/- 6.6 microL vs 11.0 +/- 10.3 microL vs 15.6 +/- 13.6 microL vs 36.6 +/- 18.2 microL, P < 0.001, and 14.8 +/- 18.2 microL vs 19.5 +/- 18.9 microL vs 22.5 +/- 19.1 microL vs 41.7 +/- 27.9 microL, P < 0.001, and 6.4 +/- 5.3% vs 11.0 +/- 6.2% vs 14.0 +/- 6.5% vs 20.0 +/- 7.8%, P < 0.001, respectively). The absolute plaque and DC and NC volumes and the relative DC volume correlated positively with calcium score. CAD patients with high calcium score have more vulnerable plaque components (greater DC and NC-containing plaques) than those with low calcium score.

Avaliação angiográfica do volume de placa e eventos cardiovasculares após implante de stents coronarianos / Angiographic evaluation of plaque volume and cardiovascular events after coronary Stent Implantation / Evaluación angiográfica del volumen de placa y eventos cardiovasculares tras implantación de stents coronarios

FUNDAMENTO: O volume de placa (VP) está relacionado a eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) após o implante de stents coronarianos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre o VP antes do procedimento avaliado por angiografia e desfechos clínicos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo de coorte prospectivo incluindo pacientes submetidos a implante de stents coronarianos em um centro de referência. O VP antes do implante do stent foi avaliado pela fórmula descrita por Giugliano (Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:173): VP = À X (comprimento da lesão) X [(diâmetro do vaso/2)² - (diâmetro luminal mínimo/2)²]. Os ECVM foram registrados no seguimento clínico de um ano e análise de regressão linear múltipla foi realizada para identificar os preditores de eventos. RESULTADOS: A amostra estudada consistiu em 824 pacientes, com idade média de 60 ± 11 anos, sendo 70,0 por cento do gênero masculino. O diabete melito estava presente em 21,0 por cento e o comprometimento triarterial em 12,0 por cento. O diâmetro médio de referência foi de 3,3 ± 3,2 mm, a média do comprimento da lesão foi de 10,2 ± 4,7 mm e a média da estenose residual foi de 1,0 por cento ± 12,0 por cento. Os pacientes com ECVM apresentaram VP maior do que aqueles sem eventos (92,84 ± 42,85 vs 85 ± 46,85; p = 0,03). Outras variáveis associadas com ECVM na análise univariada foram comprometimento triarterial, IAM, diâmetro do vaso e comprimento da lesão tratada. O VP manteve a associação significativa com ECVM após ajuste para as variáveis descritas e diabete melito. CONCLUSÃO: O volume da placa do ateroma antes do implante do stent foi maior nos pacientes que apresentaram ECVM no seguimento clínico em um ano, independentemente de outros preditores de eventos.

BACKGROUND: Plaque volume (PV) is related to major cardiovascular events (MACE) after coronary stent implantation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between PV before the procedure evaluated by angiography and clinical outcomes. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing coronary stent implantation in a referral center. PV before the stent implantation was evaluated by the formula described by Giugliano (Am J Cardiol 2005, 95:173): VP = À X (lesion length) X [(vessel diameter/2)² - (minimum luminal diameter/2)²]. The MACE were registered at clinical follow-up of one year and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of events. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 824 patients, mean age 60 ± 11 years, 70.0 percent were male. Diabetes mellitus was present in 21.0 percent and triple vessel involvement in 12.0 percent. Average reference diameter was 3.3 ± 3.2 mm, average lesion length was 10.2 ± 4.7 mm and mean residual stenosis was 1.0 percent ± 12.0 percent. Patients with MACE had higher PV than those without events (92.84 ± 42.85 vs 85 ± 46.85, p = 0.03). Other variables associated with MACE in the univariate analysis were triple vessel involvement, myocardial infarction, vessel diameter and length of the lesion treated. PV maintained a significant association with MACE after adjusting for the variables described and diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: The volume of atheromatous plaque before stenting was higher in patients with MACE on clinical follow-up in one year, regardless of other predictors of events.

FUNDAMENTO: El volumen de placa (VP) está relacionado a eventos cardiovasculares mayores (ECVM) tras implantación de stentscoronarios. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la asociación entre el VP antes del procedimiento evaluado por angiografía y desenlaces clínicos. MÉTODOS: Se trata de estudio de cohorte prospectivo que incluye a pacientes sometidos a implantación de stentscoronarios en un centro de referencia. El VP antes de la implantación del stent se evaluó por la fórmula descrita por Giugliano (Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:173): VP = Π X (longitud de la lesión) X [(diámetro del vaso/2)² - (diámetro luminal mínimo/2)²]. Los ECVM fueron registrados en el seguimiento clínico de un año y análisis de regresión lineal múltiple se llevó a cabo para identificar los predictores de eventos. RESULTADOS: La muestra estudiada consistió en 824 pacientes, con edad promedio de 60 ± 11 años, con el 70 por ciento del género masculino. El diabetes melito estaba presente en el 21,0 por ciento y el compromiso triarterial en el 12 por ciento. El diámetro medio de referencia fue de 3,3 ± 3,2 mm, la media del longitud de la lesión fue de 10,2 ± 4,7 mm y la media de la estenosis residual fue del 1 por ciento ± 12 por ciento. Los pacientes con ECVM presentaron VP mayor que aquellos sin eventos (92,84 ± 42,85 vs 85 ± 46,85; p = 0,03). Otras variables asociadas con ECVM en el análisis univariado fueron el compromiso triarterial, el IAM, el diámetro del vaso y longitud de la lesión tratada. El VP mantuvo la asociación significativa con ECVM tras ajuste para las variables descritas y diabetes melito. CONCLUSIÓN: El volumen de la placa del ateroma antes de la implantación del stent fue mayor en los pacientes que presentaron ECVM en el seguimiento clínico en un año, independientemente de otros predictores de eventos.